Not the OP, bu tI just hit the Stack Overflow with ThrowableProxy.init(). The root cause was a mistake in Exception chaining (Original Exception being used as the cause for a suppressed exception).

This can be reproduced by

Exception e = new Exception("foo");
Exception e2 = new Exception(e);
e.initCause(e2)

or

Exception e = new Exception("foo");
Exception e2 = new Exception(e);
e.addSuppressed(e2);

 
e.printStackTrace() detects the circular reference:

java.lang.Exception: foo
{{ at TestCircularException.main(TestCircularException.java:10)}}
Caused by: java.lang.Exception: java.lang.Exception: foo
{{ at TestCircularException.main(TestCircularException.java:11)}}
{{ [CIRCULAR REFERENCE:java.lang.Exception: foo]}}

But logger.error("Error", e) results in a StackOverflowError thrown at the logging site, swallowing the original exception:

java.lang.StackOverflowError
{{ at ch.qos.logback.classic.spi.ThrowableProxy.<init>(ThrowableProxy.java:54)}}
{{ at ch.qos.logback.classic.spi.ThrowableProxy.<init>(ThrowableProxy.java:60)}}
{{ at ch.qos.logback.classic.spi.ThrowableProxy.<init>(ThrowableProxy.java:60)}}
[...]